OpenAI has infringed copyright law in Germany by using song lyrics to train its artificial intelligence models, a court in Munich ruled on Tuesday, November 11.

“Both the memorisation in the language models and the reproduction of the song lyrics in the chatbot’s outputs constitute infringements of copyright law,” the court ruled in a case brought by the German music body GEMA.

GEMA, which has more than 100,000 composers, songwriters and publishers as members, is representing the artists behind nine German songs in the case.

OpenAI has faced several court cases in the United States, with media groups and authors among those claiming that the company’s ChatGPT chatbot has been trained on their work without permission.

But the Munich case is the first major case of its kind in Europe, according to GEMA. The case could have “vital implications for the remuneration of creative artists”, GEMA’s Kai Welp said after a hearing in September.

GEMA filed a lawsuit in November 2024, accusing OpenAI of reproducing protected song lyrics without having purchased licences or paid the creators.

The group claimed that OpenAI had “systematically” used its repertoire to train AI models, according to an earlier court statement.

OpenAI argued that it had not broken the law because its language models do not store or copy specific data but rather reflect in their settings what they have learnt, according to the court.

With regard to the AI chatbot, it is users who are the producers of its output and are responsible for it, OpenAI claimed.

But the court on Tuesday ruled that the plaintiffs were entitled to compensation “both on the basis of the reproduction of the texts in the language models and their reproduction in the outputs”.